دوست محمد خان

Dos Mohammad Kha

Emi Dos Mohammad Kha Ba akzai (Pash oDa i: دوست محمد خان بارکزی; ۲۳ Decembe 1793 – ۹ Ju e 1863), ick amed he Ami -i Kabi ,567 was he fou de of he Ba akzai dy as y a d o e of he p omi e ule s of Afgha is a du i g he Fi s A glo-Afgha Wa .8 Wi h he decli e of he Du a i dy as y, he became he Emi of Afgha is a i 1826.9 He was he 11 h so of Paye dah Kha , chief of he Ba akzai Pash u s, who was killed i 1799 by Ki g Zama Shah Du a i.3

A he begi i g of his ule, he Afgha s los hei fo me s o ghold of Peshawa Valley i Ma ch 1823 o he Sikh Khalsa A my of Ra ji Si gh a he Ba le of Nowshe a. The Afgha fo ces i he ba le we e led by Azim Kha , half-b o he of Dos Mohammad Kha .10 By he e d of his eig , he had eu i ed he p i cipali ies of Ka daha a d He a wi h Kabul. Dos had uled fo a le g hy 36 yea s, a spa b oke o ly by Zahi Shah mo e ha a ce u y la e .

The Musahiba family s a ed wi h his olde b o he , Sul a Mohammad Kha , ick amed Telai, mea i g golde , a ick ame he was give because of his love of fi e clo hi g.11

Co e s

Backg ou d a d ise o powe edi

Dos Mohammad Kha was bo o a i flue ial family o 23 Decembe 1793 i Ka daha , Du a i Empi e.12 His fa he , Payi da Kha , was chief of he Ba akzai T ibe a d a civil se va i he Du a i dy as y. Thei family ca be aced back o Abdal ( he fi s a d fou de of he Abdali ibe), h ough Hajji Jamal Kha , Yousef, Ya u, Mohammad, Oma Kha , Khisa Kha , Ismail, Nek, Da u, Saifal, a d Ba ak. Abdal had Fou so s, Popal, Ba ak, Achak, a d Alako.13 Dos Mohmmad Kha ‘s mo he belo ged o he Qizilbash g oup.14151617 Dos Mohammad Kha spoke Pe sia , Pash o, Pu jabi a d Tu kish, bu also had k owledge of he Kashmi i la guage.18

His elde b o he , he chief of he Ba akzai, Fa eh Kha , ook a impo a pa i aisi g Mahmud Shah Du a i o he sove eig y of Afgha is a i 1800 a d i es o i g him o he h o e i 1809. Dos Mohammad accompa ied his elde b o he a d he P ime Mi is e of Kabul Wazi Fa eh Kha o he Ba le of A ock agai s he i vadi g Sikhs. Mahmud Shah epaid Fa eh Kha ‘s se vices by havi g him assassi a ed i 1818, hus i cu i g he e mi y of his ibe. Af e a bloody co flic , Mahmud Shah was dep ived of all his possessio s bu He a , he es of his domi io s bei g divided amo g Fa eh Kha ‘s b o he s. Of hese, Dos Mohammad eceived Ghaz i, o which i 1826 he added Kabul, he iches of he Afgha p ovi ces.19 A he ime of his e h o eme , his gove me eve ue was abou 500,000 upees, a d by he 1830s i had i c eased o 2.5 millio upees.20

F om he comme ceme of his eig he fou d himself i volved i dispu es wi h Ra ji Si gh, he Sikh ule of he Pu jab egio , who used he de h o ed Sadozai p i ce, Shah Shujah Du a i, as his i s ume . I 1834, Shah Shujah made a las a emp o ecove his ki gdom. He was defea ed by Dos Mohammad Kha u de he walls of Ka daha , bu Ra ji Si gh seized he oppo u i y o a ex Peshawa . Dos Mohammad se his so Akba Kha o defea he Sikhs a he Ba le of Jam ud i 1837.12 His failu e i ecap u i g he Jam ud Fo became he Afgha Emi ‘s wo s co ce .21

Eu opea i flue ce i Afgha is a edi

A he i e sec io of B i ish, Russia a d, o a lesse deg ee, F e ch impe ial i e es s, poli ical ma euve i g was ecessa y. Rejec i g ove u es f om Russia, he e deavou ed o fo m a allia ce wi h G ea B i ai , a d welcomed Alexa de Bu es o Kabul i 1837. Bu es, howeve , was u able o p evail o he gove o -ge e al, Lo d Auckla d, o espo d o he emi ‘s adva ces. Dos Mohammad was e joi ed o aba do he a emp o ecove Peshawa , a d o place his fo eig policy u de B i ish guida ce. He eplied by e ewi g his ela io s wi h Russia, a d i 1838 Lo d Auckla d se he B i ish oops i mo io agai s him.21 To e able such a ac io , he B i ish ma ufac u ed he evide ce eeded o jus ify he ove h ow of he Afgha ule .22

Wa wi h he Sikhsedi

I 1835, Dos Mohammad Kha , he you ges a d he mos e e ge ic of he Ba akzai b o he s, who had suppla ed he Du a i dy as y a d become Emi (lo d, chief o ki g) of Kabul i 1825, adva ced up o Khaiba Pass h ea e i g o ecove Peshawa . I 1836, Ha i Si gh Nalwa, he Sikh ge e al who alo g wi h P i ce Nau Nihal Si gh was gua di g ha f o ie , buil a chai of fo s, i cludi g o e a Jam ud a he eas e e d of he Khybe Pass o defe d he pass. Dos Muhammad e ec ed a fo a `Ali Masjid a he o he e d. I he begi i g of 1837, as P i ce Nau Nihal Si gh e u ed o Laho e o ge ma ied a d he Maha aja a d his cou go busy wi h p epa a io s fo he weddi g.23

Dos Muhammad Kha se a 25,000 s o g fo ce, i cludi g a la ge umbe of local i egula s a d equipped wi h 18 heavy gu s, o i ves Jam ud. The Sikh ga iso he e had o ly 600 me a d a few ligh a ille y pieces. The Afgha s besieged he fo a d cu off i s wa e supply, while a de achme was se o he eighbou i g Sikh fo of Shabqada o p eve a y help f om ha di ec io . Maha Si gh Mi pu i, he ga iso comma de of Jam ud, kep he i vade s a bay fo fou days a d ma aged mea while o se d a despe a e appeal fo help o Ha i Si gh Nalva a Peshawa . Nalva ose f om his sick bed a d ushed o Jam ud.24

I he fi al ba le fough o 30 Ap il 1837, he Afgha s we e d ive off, bu Ha i Si gh Nalva was killed. I 1838, wi h he help a d ag eeme of he Sikh mo a ch who joi ed he T ipa i e T ea y wi h B i ish vice oy Lo d Auckla d, es o ed Shah Shuja o he Afgha h o e i  Kabul o 7 Augus 1839.2526 Dos Muhammad Kha was exiled o Mussoo ie i Novembe 1839, bu was es o ed o his fo me posi io af e he mu de of Shah Shuja i Ap il 1842. He he eaf e mai ai ed co dial ela io s wi h he Laho e Da ba .ci a io eeded

Seco d eig edi

Af e he e d of he Fi s A glo-Afgha Wa i 1842, Dos Mohammad Kha was ow i a posi io o expa d his s a e d ama ically. This was i pa due o he imp ovi g ela io ship be wee Dos Mohammad Kha a d he B i ish.272829 Du i g his exile i Calcu a, he was ea ed wa mly.

He ook o e of he ech ological supe io i y of he B i ish a d was co vi ced ha co s a wa s wi h hem would damage Afgha is a . I s ead, Dos Mohammad would advoca e fo a allia ce wi h he B i ish as he o ly way o e su e he su vival of he s a e.2829 Wi h he Fi s a d Seco d A glo-Sikh Wa s elimi a i g a y h ea ha he vola ile Sikh Empi e would have had o Afgha is a , Dos Mohammad Kha was ow able o f eely expa d his ki gdom wi h he help of he B i ish, ealizi g ha he a d B i ish had commo Ce al Asia goals.28

I 1843, Dos Mohammad Kha subdued he Haza aja (Behsud, Dai Za gi, Dai Ku di) a d Bamia , which had seized he powe vacuum du i g he B i ish i vasio o become i depe de .52927 I 1846, a ebellio by he Kohis a i Tajiks of Tagab was supp essed a d Dos Mohammad was able o co solida e his posi io o ha adi io ally ebellious a ea.52927 I July 1848, he i e ded o se d a fo ce o co que Balkh bu he Seco d A glo-Sikh Wa p eve ed his a d occupied Dos Mohammad fo a o he yea .2827 The Sikhs p oposed o cede Peshawa o he Afgha s (al hough i eve became a eali y) a d as a esul , Mohammad se 5,000 Afgha s u de Mohammad Ak am Kha o aid he Sikhs i he wa .28529 Whe he Sikhs we e defea ed a d he B i ish e ook Peshawa , i was fea ed i Kabul ha he B i ish would follow up hei vic o y by i vadi g Afgha is a . Howeve , his eve happe ed a d Dos Mohammad he efo e se his so , Mohammad Ak am Kha , o i vade Balkh i he Sp i g of 1849.282729

Co ques of he Balkh Wilaya edi

The i vasio of Balkh was successful a d he p ovi ce was a exed i o Afgha is a . Whe Afzal Kha would ake ma e ials f om he dilapida ed ci y of Balkh a d use i o co s uc a ca o me k ow as Takh apul ea by, so ha by 1854 Takh apul was a fully g ow ci y comple e wi h ga de s a d cou s.28305 I 1850 Mohammad Ak am Kha ‘s half b o he , Ghulam Haida Kha , co que ed Tashqu gha a d he Mi Wali was fo ced o flee.27

Allia ce wi h he B i ishedi

O 30 Ma ch 1855, Dos Mohammad eve sed his fo me policy by co cludi g a offe sive a d defe sive allia ce wi h he B i ish gove me , sig ed by Si He y Law e ce, Chief Commissio e of he Pu jab, fi s p oposed by He be Edwa des.31 I Novembe 1855, he co que ed Ka daha . I 1857, he decla ed wa o Pe sia i co ju c io wi h he B i ish, a d i July, a ea y was co cluded by which he p ovi ce of He a was placed u de a Ba akzai p i ce. Du i g he I dia Rebellio of 1857, Dos Mohammad ef ai ed f om assis i g he i su ge s. His la e yea s we e dis u bed by oubles a He a a d i Bukha a.

Co ques of He a a d Dea hedi

O Ma ch 1862, Ahmad Kha , he ule of He a , cap u ed Fa ah, which had bee co olled by he Ba akzai Emi s si ce 30 Oc obe 1856.2732 This became Dos Mohammad Kha ‘s cassus belli o lau ch a a ack o He a . O 29 Ju e33 o 8 July,34 Fa ah was cap u ed by he Muhammadzais. O 22 July,34Sabzawa was cap u ed. By 28 July, He a was besieged.33 Af e a 10 mo h siege o 27 May 1863, he cap u ed He a , bu o 9 Ju e, he died sudde ly i he mids of vic o y, af e playi g a g ea ole i he his o y of Sou h a d Ce al Asia fo fo y yea s. He amed his so , She Ali Kha , as his successo . He was bu ied i He a a he Gazu gah.28 By he ime of his dea h, he a ual s a e eve ue of his gove me had ise o 7 millio upees.20

Galle yedi

Kha wi h his o e so .

Kha wi h his 3 so s.

Kha as Emi of Afgha is a .

Dōs Moḥammad Kha sea ed sligh ly o he igh of ce e i his pho og aph. To Dōs Moḥammad’s igh , he fi s figu e i a whi e chapa (ove coa ) is his so a d successo She ʻAlī Khā (۱۸۲۵–۱۸۷۹), who uled Afgha is a f om 1863 o 1879. Abd al-Raḥmā Khā (c. 1844 – ۱۹۰۱), he g a dso of Dōs Mohammad a d fu u e “I o Ami ” of Afgha is a , is o Dōs Moḥammad’s fa lef .

Ca ego y:Dos Mohammad Kha

Subca ego ies

This ca ego y has o ly he followi g subca ego y.

Media i ca ego y Dos Mohammad Kha

The followi g 16 files a e i his ca ego y, ou of 16 o al.