اصفهان در کدام جهت جغرافیایی قرار دارد

موقعیت جغرافیایی اصفهان

راهنمای محتوا

موقعیت جغرافیایی شهر اصفهان

استان اصفهان با مساحت ۱۰۷۰۲۷ کیلومتر مربع در مرکز کشور واقع شده است که مرکز آن نیز شهر اصفهان با مساحت ۲۲۰ کیلومتر مربع است‌ و به طور کلی مساحت این استان تقریباً ۶۶ درصد از مساحت کل کشور را تشکیل داده است‌.

طول و عرض جغرافیایی اصفهان

مختصات جغرافیایی اصفهان ۳۰ درجه و۴۳ دقيقه تا۳۴ درجه و۲۷ دقيقه عرض شمالي خط استوا و۴۹ درجه و۳۶ دقيقه تا۵۵ درجه و۳۱ دقيقه طول شرقي از نصف النهار گرينويچ است.

موقعیت مکانی اصفهان

استان اصفهان در مركز ايران واقع شده است. این استان از شمال به استان های مرکزی، قم و سمنان از جنوب به استانهای فارس و كهكيلويه و بويراحمد از شرق به استانهای خراسان و یزد؛ و از غرب به استانهاي لرستان و چهارمحال و بختياري محدود است. موقعیت مکانی استان اصفهان و قرار گرفتن در مرکز ایران اهمیت ویژه ای به این استان داده است. 

تقسیمات شهری استان اصفهان

مرکز استان اصفهان شهر اصفهان است که به نصف جهان شهرت دارد. بر اساس تقسیمات کشوری استان اصفهان دارای ۱۷ شهرستان، ۶۰ شهر، ۳۷ بخش و ۱۱۶ دهستان است. شهرستانهای استان اصفهان عبارت است از: اصفهان، نطنز، کاشان، گلپایگان لرستان، برخوار و ميمه، خميني شهر، خوانسار، سميرم، شهرضا، فريدن، فريدونشهر، فلاورجان، لنجان، مباركه، نائين و نجف آباد. 

جغرافیای طبیعی اصفهان

موقعیت جغرافیایی اصفهان و گستردگی آن موجب شده تا نواحی طبیعی مختلف را شامل شود. اين نواحي عبارتند از:

رشته کوه های اصفهان

از مهمترین رشته کوهای اصفهان می توان به رشته كوههای قميشلو در بخش مركزي و دنباله بيدگان در غرب، رشته كوههاي زردكوه، كوه كالخوني و سفيد كوه در مركز، كوه قاضي در شمال شهرستان شهرضا اشاره کرد.

رودهای اصفهان

زاینده رود مهمترين رودخانه اي كه در مركز ايران جاي است. این رود از ارتفاعات زردكوه بختياری و كوهرنگ سرچشمه می گیرد و از مغرب به مشرق تا باتلاق گاوخونی  جريان دارد. طول اين رودخانه با  احتساب پيچ وخمهای آن ۴۰۰ تا ۴۸۰ كيلومتر تخمین زده اند، ولي اين فاصله به خط مستقيم ۲۷۰ كيلومتر است. عرض بستر رودخانه نیز تا ۲۰۰ متر كم و زياد مي شود.

علت نامگذاری زاینده رود

بستر این رودخانه از سرچشمه تا مصب خود زایش آب میکند و به همین دلیل نام زاینده رود را بر آن گذاشتند. قسمت اوليه مجرای زاينده رود پيچ و خم های زياد دارد ولي هر چقدر پايينتر مي آيد پيخ و خم آن كمتر مي شود تا مي رسد به كوه قلعه بزي كه در انحنايي به مسافت ۱۲ کیلومتر و بر خلاف مجراي اصلي از مشرق به مغرب جريان پيدا ميکند. 

جلگه اصفهان

یکی دیگر از عوارض طبیعی اصفهان باتلاق گاو خونی است. جلگه اي است ناهموار كه حدود ۳۰ کیلومتر طول و عرض آن است و وسعت آن با افزايش و کاهش آب رودخانه تغيير مي كند. اين باتلاق از طرف جنوب و مشرق به تپه هايي از ماسه و شن كه ۲۰۰ متر ارتفاع دارند محدود می شود.

آب و هوای اصفهان 

به طور کلی آب و هواي استان اصفهان معتدل خشك است، اما تاثیر بادها و نزدیکی به منطقه کوهستانی از غرب و دشت کویر از شرق آب و هواي آن را به ۳ بخش متمايز تقسيم كرده است.

بخاطر موقعیت جغرافیایی اصفهان ترتیب فصول چهارگانه در آن بسیار منظم است.  روز اول فروردين و تير و مهر و دی، شروع چهار فصل بهار و تابستان و پاييز و زمستان را به خوبی نشان می دهد و تغييرات استثنايی به ندرت ديده شده است.

درجه حرارت

در اصفهان گرمای تابستان مانند شهرهای جنوبی طاقت فرسا نيست و اغلب شبهای تابستان هوا خنک است. زمستان نیز سرمای استخوان سوز به ندرت اتفاق می افتد و معمولاً هوا معتدل است. به جز مواردی که تمام فلات ايران در معرض جريان هوای بسیار سرد قرار مي گيرد. در این شرایط اصفهان هم به شدت سرد مي شود. 

میزان بارندگی

بیشترین میزان بارندگي در اصفهان مربوط به فصل زمستان است و در پاییز و بهار به ندرت بارندگی دارد. معمولا در پاییز ابرهای سیاه در آسمان اصفهان طاهر می شوند اما بادهایی که در این منطقه می وزند باعث پراکنده شدن ابرها و عدم بارندگی می شوند. به طور کلی اصفهان جزو استان هایی است که ميزان بارندگي ساليانه در آن زياد نيست و متوسط ارتفاع باران كه از آبان تا اواخر ارديبهشت در اين شهر مي بارد بين ۱۰۰ تا ۱۵۰ ميلي متر است.

پوشش گیاهی اصفهان

 در ادامه پوشش گیاهی اصفهان را بر اساس موقعیت جغرافیایی اصفهان در چند منطقه مختلف بررسی می کنیم:

منطقه اول منطقه رویشی نیمه بیابانی است که بیش از ۴۷ درصد مناطق استان دارای این اقلیم هستند. قسمت‌ عمده‌ گونه‌های‌ موجود در این منطقه‌ از خانواده‌های‌ اسفناجیان،‌ كاسنی‌، بقولات‌ و گندمیان‌ می‌باشد که از جمله گیاهان مقاوم هستند. منطقه‌رویشی استپی نیز که بیشتر مرکز استان اصفهان را پوشش می دهد; گونه‌ غالب‌ آن درمنه‌ دشتی است. منطقه کوه های مرتفع غنی ترین منطقه پوشش گیاهی در استان اصفهان است که بیش از ۱۰۰۰ نوع گونه در آن شناسایی شده است‌. گونه‌ ارس یكی‌ از گونه‌های‌ مهم‌ و باارزش‌ درختی‌ این‌ نواحی‌ می‌باشد. گونه‌های‌ مرتعی‌ این‌ محدوده‌ را گونه‌های‌ بوته‌ای‌ و بالشتی و گراس‌های‌ پایا تشكیل‌ می‌دهد.

پوشش جانوری اصفهان

با توجه به پوشش گیاهی متنوع استان اصفهان حدود ۲۴ هزار گونه مختلف جانوری نیز در نقاط مختلف استان زندگی می‌کنند. به طوری که ۶۲ گونه از ۱۷۰ گونه پستاندار و ۲۹۶ گونه پرنده از ۵۱۷ گونه پرنده شناسایی شده در کشور در استان اصفهان زیست می کنند.

متاسفانه از میان گونه‌های موجود، ۱۳ گونه جانوری از جمله یوزپلنگ، گربه شنی، عقاب طلایی، هوبره، اردک سرسفید و شاهین به دلیل تخریب زیستگاه و یا شکار غیرمجاز در معرض خطر انقراض می‌باشند.

همچنین استان اصفهان چندین پناهگاه حیات وحش دارد که در ادامه با آنها اشنا می شویم.

مساحت این پناهگاه حدود در ۳۷ هزار هکتار است. در حال حاضر از نظر قوچ و ميش وحشي، يكي از غني ترين نواحي حفاظت شده استان اصفهان است.

وسعت پناهگاه کلاه قاضی بيش از ۴۰ هزار هكتار است. این پناهگاه در ۳۶ کیلومتری جنوب شهر اصفهان قرار دارد. پوشش گیاهی این پناهگاه بسیار غنی است و در آن انواع گیاهان مثل :درخت بادام كوهي، درخت انجير،بوته شقايق وحشي، لاله وحشي، گل گندم، خارشتر، بارهنگ، آويشن و گیاهان دارویی همچون اسفند، خاكشير تلخ، گل گاوزبان و… است.

  ناحيه حفاظت شده موته با۲۲۰ هزار هكتار پهنه، در اطراف روستای موته شهرستان برخوار و ميمه استان اصفهان قرار دارد. اين ناحيه بهترين زيستگاه آهو در ايران است كه براي رشد، تكثير و جلوگيري از انقراض آهوان اختصاص يافته است. در حال حاضر حدود ۲ هزار آهو در اين پناهگاه زيست مي كنند. ساير پستانداران اين ناحيه حفاظت شده، عبارت اند از:

شغال، روباه، گراز، خرگوش وحشي، خارپشت گوش بلند، پلنگ و يوزپلنگ، كفتار، گرگ، سمور،گوركن‌ و ….

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Isfaha

Isfaha (Pe sia : اصفهان, oma ized: Esfahā esfæˈhɒː (lis e )), f om i s a cie desig a io Aspada a a d la e Spaha i middle Pe sia , e de ed i E glish as Ispaha , is a majo ci y i G ea e Isfaha Regio , Isfaha P ovi ce, I a . I is loca ed 406 kilome es (252 miles) sou h of Teh a a d i is he capi al of Isfaha P ovi ce. Isfaha has a popula io of app oxima ely 1.9 millio ,5 maki g i he hi d-la ges ci y i I a , af e Mashhad a d Teh a , a d he seco d-la ges me opoli a a ea.6

I is loca ed a he i e sec io of he wo p i cipal o h–sou h a d eas –wes ou es ha ave se I a . Isfaha flou ished be wee he 9 h a d 18 h ce u ies u de he Safavid dy as y, whe i became he capi al of Pe sia fo he seco d ime i i s his o y u de Shah Abbas he G ea . The ci y e ai s much of i s his o y. I is famous fo i s Pe so–Islamic a chi ec u e, g a d bouleva ds, cove ed b idges, palaces, iled mosques, a d mi a e s. Isfaha also has ma y his o ical buildi gs, mo ume s, pai i gs, a d a ifac s. The fame of Isfaha led o he Pe sia p ove b Esfahā esf-e-jahā as : Isfaha is half (of) he wo ld.7 The Naqsh-e Jaha Squa e i Isfaha is o e of he la ges ci y squa es i he wo ld. UNESCO has desig a ed i a Wo ld He i age Si e.8

Co e s

E ymologyedi

Isfaha is de ived f om Middle Pe sia Spahā . Spahā is a es ed i va ious Middle Pe sia seals a d i sc ip io s, i cludi g ha of he Zo oas ia magi Ka i ,9 a d is also he A me ia ame of he ci y (Սպահան). The p ese -day ame is he A abicized fo m of Ispaha (u like Middle Pe sia bu simila o Spa ish, New Pe sia does o allow i i ial co so a clus e s such as sp10). The egio appea s wi h he abb evia io GD (Sou he Media) o Sasa ia umisma ics. I P olemy’s Geog aphia, i appea s as Aspada a (Ἀσπαδανα), a sla i g o place of ga he i g fo he a my. I is believed ha Spahā de ives f om spādā ām he a mies, Old Pe sia plu al of spāda, f om which de ives spāh (????) ‘a my’ a d spahi (سپاهی, ‘soldie ‘, li e ally ‘of he a my’) i Middle Pe sia . Some of he o he a cie ames i clude Gey, Jey (old fo m Zi),11 Pa k, a d Judea.1213

His o yedi

Huma habi a io of he Isfaha egio ca be aced back o he Palaeoli hic pe iod. A chaeologis s have ece ly fou d a ifac s da i g back o he Palaeoli hic, Mesoli hic, Neoli hic, B o ze, a d I o Ages.

B o ze Ageedi

Wha became he ci y of Isfaha likely eme ged a d g adually developed ove he cou se of he Elami e civilisa io (2700–۱۶۰۰ BCE).

Zo oas ia e aedi

U de Media ule, a comme cial e epô bega o show sig s of mo e sede a y u ba ism, s eadily g owi g i o a o ewo hy egio al ce e ha be efi ed f om he excep io ally fe ile soil o he ba ks of he Zaya deh ud Rive i a egio called Aspa da a o Ispa da a.

O ce Cy us he G ea had u ified Pe sia a d Media la ds i o he Achaeme id Empi e, he eligiously a d e h ically dive se ci y of Isfaha became a ea ly example of he ki g’s fabled eligious ole a ce. I was Cy us who, havi g jus ake Babylo , made a edic i 538 BCE, decla i g ha he Jews i Babylo could e u o Je usalem.15 Nowadays, some of he f eed Jews se led i Isfaha i s ead of e u i g o hei homela d. The 10 h-ce u y Pe sia his o ia Ib al-Faqih w o e:16

Whe he Jews emig a ed f om Je usalem, fleei g f om Nebuchad ezza , hey ca ied wi h hem a sample of he wa e a d soil of Je usalem. They did o se le dow a ywhe e o i a y ci y wi hou exami i g each place’s wa e a d he soil. They did all alo g u il hey eached he ci y of Isfaha . The e hey es ed, exami ed he wa e a d soil, a d fou d ha bo h esembled Je usalem. The eupo hey se led he e, cul iva ed he soil, aised child e a d g a dchild e , a d oday he ame of his se leme is Yahudia.

The Pa hia s, i he pe iod 247 BCE–۲۲۴ CE, co i ued he adi io of ole a ce af e he fall of he Achaeme ids, fos e i g he Helle is ic dime sio wi hi I a ia cul u e a d he poli ical o ga iza io i oduced by Alexa de he G ea ‘s i vadi g a mies. U de he Pa hia s, A sacid gove o s admi is e ed he p ovi ces of he a io f om Isfaha , a d he ci y’s u ba developme accele a ed o accommoda e he eeds of a capi al ci y.

The ex empi e o ule Pe sia, he Sassa ids (224 CE–۶۵۱ CE), p esided ove massive cha ges i hei ealm, i s i u i g sweepi g ag icul u al efo m a d evivi g I a ia cul u e a d he Zo oas ia eligio . Bo h he ci y a d egio we e he called by he ame Aspaha o Spaha . The ci y was gove ed by a g oup called he Espooh a s, who came f om seve oble a d impo a I a ia oyal families. Ex a fou da io s of some Sassa id-e a b idges i Isfaha sugges ha he Sasa ia ki gs we e fo d of ambi ious u ba pla i g p ojec s. While Isfaha ‘s poli ical impo a ce decli ed du i g he pe iod, ma y Sassa id p i ces would s udy s a ec af i he ci y, a d i s mili a y ole developed apidly. I s s a egic loca io a he i e sec io of he a cie oads o Susa a d Pe sepolis made i a ideal ca dida e o house a s a di g a my, eady o ma ch agai s Co s a i ople a a y mome . The wo ds ‘Aspaha ‘ a d ‘Spaha ‘ a e de ived f om he Pahlavi o Middle Pe sia mea i g ‘ he place of he a my’.17 Al hough ma y heo ies have bee me io ed abou he o igi of Isfaha , i fac li le is k ow of i befo e he ule of he Sasa ia dy as y (c. 224–c. 651 CE). The his o ical fac s sugges ha i he la e 4 h a d ea ly 5 h ce u ies, Quee Shusha dukh , he Jewish co so of Yazdege d I ( eig ed 399–۴۲۰) se led a colo y of Jews i Yahudiyyeh (also spelled Yahudiya), a se leme 3 km o hwes of he Zo oas ia ci y of Gabae (i s Achaemid a d Pa hia ame; Gabai was i s Sasa ic ame, which was sho e ed o Gay (A abic ‘Jay’) ha was loca ed o he o he ba k of he Zaya de ud Rive (colo y’s es ablishme also a ibu ed o Nebuchad ezza hough i ‘s less u likely).18 The g adual popula io dec ease of Gay (Jay) a d he simul a eous popula io i c ease of Yahudiyyeh a d i s subu bs af e he Islamic co ques of I a esul ed i he fo ma io of he ucleus of wha was o become he ci y of Isfaha . The wo ds Aspada a, Ispada a, Spaha a d Sepaha , all f om which he wo d Isfaha is de ived, efe ed o he egio i which he ci y was loca ed.

Isfaha a d Gay we e bo h ci cula i desig , a cha ac e is ic of Pa hia a d Sasa ia ci ies.19 Howeve , his epo ed Sasa ia ci cula ci y of Isfaha is o u cove ed ye .20

Islamic e aedi

Isfaha , capi al of he Ki gdom of Pe sia

Po Alla f om Voyage o he Leva , Guillaume Cavelie , 1714.

Isfaha o he sou h side, d awi g by Eugè e Fla di

Ali mi a e , 1840, d awi g by Eugè e Fla di

Russia a my i Isfaha i he 1890s

Whe he A abs cap u ed Isfaha i 642, hey made i he capi al of al-Jibal ( he Mou ai s) p ovi ce, a a ea ha cove ed much of a cie Media. Isfaha g ew p ospe ous u de he Pe sia Buyid (Buwayhid) dy as y, which ose o powe a d uled much of I a whe he empo al au ho i y of he Abbasid caliphs wa ed i he 10 h ce u y. The ci y walls of Isfaha a e hough o have bee co s uc ed du i g he eig of he Buyid ami s du i g he e h ce u y.212223 The Tu kish co que o a d fou de of he Seljuq dy as y, Togh il Beg, made Isfaha he capi al of his domai s i he mid-11 h ce u y; bu i was u de his g a dso Malik-Shah I ( . 1073–۹۲) ha he ci y g ew i size a d sple dou .24

Af e he fall of he Seljuqs (c. 1200), Isfaha empo a ily decli ed a d was eclipsed by o he I a ia ci ies such as Tab iz a d Qazvi . Du i g his visi i 1327, Ib Ba u a o ed ha The ci y of Isfaha is o e of he la ges a d fai es of ci ies, bu i is ow i ui s fo he g ea e pa .25

I 1387, Isfaha su e de ed o he Tu ko-Mo gol wa lo d Timu . I i ially ea ed wi h ela ive me cy, he ci y evol ed agai s Timu ‘s pu i ive axes by killi g he ax collec o s a d some of Timu ‘s soldie s. I e ibu io , Timu o de ed he massac e of he ci y eside s, a d his soldie s killed a epo ed 70,000 ci ize s. A eye-wi ess cou ed mo e ha 28 owe s, each co s uc ed of abou 1,500 heads.26

Isfaha egai ed i s impo a ce du i g he Safavid pe iod (1501–۱۷۳۶). The ci y’s golde age bega i 1598 whe he Safavid ule Abbas I of Pe sia ( eig ed 1588–۱۶۲۹) made i his capi al a d ebuil i i o o e of he la ges a d mos beau iful ci ies i he 17 h-ce u y wo ld. I 1598 Abbas I moved his capi al f om Qazvi o he mo e ce al Isfaha . He i oduced policies o develop I a ia i volveme i he Silk Road ade.27Tu kish, A me ia a d Pe sia c af sme we e fo cefully ese led i he ci y o e su e i s p ospe i y.28 Thei co ibu io s o he eco omic vi ali y of he evi alized ci y suppo ed he ecove y of Safavid glo y a d p es ige af e ea lie losses o he O oma s a d Kızılbaş ibes,29 ushe i g i a golde age fo he ci y whe a chi ec u e a d Pe sia cul u e flou ished.

As pa of Abbas’s fo ced ese leme of peoples f om wi hi his empi e, as ma y as 300,000 A me ia s (p ima ily f om Jugha) we e ese led i Isfaha du i g Abbas’ eig .3031)31 I Isfaha , he o de ed he fou da io of a ew qua e fo hese ese led A me ia s f om Old Julfa, a d hus he A me ia Qua e of Isfaha was amed New Julfa ( oday o e of he la ges A me ia qua e s i he wo ld).3031

I he 16 h a d 17 h ce u ies, housa ds of depo ees a d mig a s f om he Caucasus se led i he ci y. Followi g a ag eeme be wee Shah Abbas I a d his Geo gia subjec Teimu az I of Kakhe i (Tahmu as Kha ), whe eby he la e submi ed o Safavid ule i excha ge fo bei g allowed o ule as he egio ‘s wāli (gove o ) a d fo havi g his so se ve as dā uḡa (p efec ) of Isfaha i pe pe ui y, he Geo gia p i ce co ve ed o Islam a d se ved as gove o .32 He was accompa ied by a oop of soldie s,32 some of whom we e Geo gia O hodox Ch is ia s.32 The oyal cou i Isfaha had a g ea umbe of Geo gia ḡolāms (mili a y slaves), as well as Geo gia wome .32 Al hough hey spoke bo h Pe sia a d Tu kic, hei mo he o gue was Geo gia .32 So ow he ci y had e claves of Geo gia , Ci cassia , a d Daghis a i desce .32 E gelbe Kaempfe , who dwel i Safavid Pe sia i 1684–۸۵, es ima ed hei umbe a 20,000.3233

Du i g Abbas’s eig , Isfaha became ve y famous i Eu ope, a d ma y Eu opea avelle s made a accou of hei visi o he ci y, such as Jea Cha di . This p ospe i y las ed u il i was sacked by Afgha i vade s i 1722 du i g a ma ked decli e i Safavid i flue ce. The eaf e , Isfaha expe ie ced a decli e i impo a ce, culmi a i g i a move of he capi al o Mashhad a d Shi az du i g he Afsha id a d Za d pe iods espec ively, u il i was fi ally moved o Teh a i 1775 by Agha Mohammad Kha , he fou de of he Qaja dy as y.

I he ea ly yea s of he 19 h ce u y, effo s we e made o p ese ve some of Isfaha ‘s a cheologically impo a buildi gs. The wo k was s a ed by Mohammad Hossei Kha du i g he eig of Fa h Ali Shah.34

Mode ageedi

S ee f om above

Isfaha i 1924

Foolad Moba akeh S eel Mill

Ge e al map of Isfaha by Pascal Cos e

I he 20 h ce u y, Isfaha was ese led by ma y people f om sou he I a , fi s ly du i g he popula io mig a io s a he s a of he ce u y, a d agai i he 1980s followi g he I a –I aq Wa . Du i g he wa , 23,000 we e killed by Isfaha a d he e we e 43,000 ve e a s.35

Today, Isfaha p oduces fi e ca pe s, ex iles, s eel, ha dic af s, a d adi io al foods i cludi g swee s. The e a e uclea expe ime al eac o s as well as facili ies fo p oduci g uclea fuel (UCF) wi hi he e vi o s of he ci y.36 Isfaha has o e of he la ges s eel-p oduci g facili ies i he egio , as well as facili ies fo p oduci g special alloys. Moba akeh S eel Compa y is he bigges s eel p oduce i he whole of he Middle Eas a d No he Af ica, a d i is he bigges DRI p oduce i he wo ld.37 The Isfaha S eel Compa y was he fi s ma ufac u e of co s uc io al s eel p oduc s i I a , a d i emai s he la ges such compa y oday.38

The ci y has a i e a io al ai po a d a me o li e.

The e is a majo oil efi e y a d a la ge ai -fo ce base ou side he ci y. HESA, I a ‘s mos adva ced ai c af ma ufac u i g pla , is loca ed jus ou side he ci y.3940 Isfaha is also a ac i g i e a io al i ves me .41 Isfaha hos ed he I e a io al Physics Olympiad i 2007. 2020 I a -Qa a Joi Eco omic Commissio me i he ci y.42

Geog aphyedi

The ci y is loca ed i he lush plai s of he Zaya de ud Rive a he foo hills of he Zag os mou ai a ge. The ea es mou ai is Mou Soffeh (Kuh-e Soffeh), jus sou h of he ci y.

Hyd og aphyedi

The e is a a ificial e wo k of ca als whose compo e s a e called Madi which we e buil du i g he ule of Safavid dy as y fo wa e cha eli g f om Zaayaa deh Roud ive i o diffe e pa s of he ci y. Desig ed by Sheikh Bahaï, a e gi ee of Shah Abbas, his e wo k has 77 madis o he o he pa , a d 71 o he sou he pa of Zaya deh Roud. I 1993, his ce u ies-old e wo k p ovided 91% of ag icul u al wa e eeds, 4% of i dus ial eeds, a d 5% of ci y eeds.43 70 eme ge cy wells we e dug i 2018 o avoid wa e sho ages.444546

Ecological issuesedi

Tow s a d villages a ou d Isfaha have bee hi so ha d by d ough a d wa e dive sio ha hey have emp ied ou a d people who lived he e have moved.4748 A a o ymous jou alis said ha wha ‘s called d ough is mo e of e he misma ageme of wa e .495051 Subside ce a e is di e a d dec eases by o e me e i aquife level a ually.52 As of 2020 he ci y had he wo s ai quali y be wee majo I a ia ci ies.53545556

Flo a a d fau aedi

The Damask ose cul iva Rosa ‘Ispaha ‘ is amed af e he ci y. Isfaha e demic cows we ex i c i 2020.57Wag ails a e of e see i fa mla ds a d pa ks.58

The mole c icke is o e of he majo pes s of pla s i he soil, especially g ass oo s.5960 Sheep a d ams a e he a imal symbol of Isfaha .61

A med fo ces baseedi

IRGC AF has a ai base i he ci y6263 a d has bee aki g a cloud seedi g co ac p ojec h ough UAVs i Isfaha .64 The Islamic Republic of I a Ai Fo ce has a ai base amed 8 h P eda o Tac ical Figh e Base (TFB.8) which is he home base fo I a ia F-14s.65666768Sepah Pasda a is amed Mas e of he E a (Saheb al zama i A abic a d Fa si) af e Mahdi.69

Clima eedi

Si ua ed a 1,590 me es (5,217 f ) above sea level o he eas e side of he Zag os Mou ai s, Isfaha has a cold dese clima e (Köppe BWk). No geological obs acles exis wi hi 90 kilome es (56 miles) o h of Isfaha , allowi g cool wi ds o blow f om his di ec io . Despi e i s al i ude, Isfaha emai s ho du i g he summe , wi h maxima ypically a ou d 35 °C (95 °F). Howeve , wi h low humidi y a d mode a e empe a u es a igh , he clima e is qui e pleasa . Du i g he wi e , days a e cool while igh s ca be ve y cold. S ow falls a ave age of 7.8 days each wi e .70 The Zaya de Rive s a s i he Zag os Mou ai s, flowi g f om he wes h ough he hea of he ci y, he dissipa es i he Gavkhou i we la d. Pla i g olive ees i he ci y is eco omically viable because i is compa ible wi h wa e sho ages.71

Demog aphicsedi

The mea of he fi s ma iage age, fo females a d males i 2019 was 25 a d 30 yea s espec ively.7576

Cul u eedi

Isfaha i e a io al co ve io ce e is u de co s uc io . The Isfaha a ual li e a u e p ize bega i 2004.7778 New A Pa adise buil i Dis ic 6 i 2019 has he bigges ope amphi hea e i he cou y.79 Si ce 2005, Novembe 22 is Isfaha ‘s Na io al Day commemo a ed wi h va ious eve s.80 Based o a s a ue c ea o ‘s symposium i 2020, he ci y decided o add 11 pe ma e a pieces o he ci y’s mo ume s.81 A cie adi io s i cluded Ti ga , Sepa dā mazgā fes ivals, a d his o ically, me used o wea Kolah amadi.8283 The Isfaha School of pai i g flou ished du i g he Safavid e a.848586 The Esfaha p ovi ce a ual hea e fes ival is i his ci y.87 Thea e pe fo ma ces bega i 1919 (1297 AH), a d cu e ly, he e a e 9 ac ive hea e s.888990

Musicedi

Baya -e Esfaha is o e of he melodic pieces of I a ia adi io al music.cla ifica io eeded

I a ia si ge Sala Aghili pe fo med i he ci y of Isfaha o Ja ua y 12 a d 13, 2018, wi hou he female membe s of his ba d due o i e fe e ce by local officials a he Mi is y of Islamic Cul u e a d Guida ce.91

Tech ology, ICT a d mediaedi

A las fo Isfaha Megaci y is a i e e se vice fo da a a d s a is ics i Fa si made available i 2015.929394IRIB has a TV e wo k a d Radio cha el i he ci y.95 Du i g he Qaja e a, Fa ha g, he fi s ewspape publica io i he ci y, was p i ed fo 13 yea s.96 I a Me opolises News Age cy (IMNA) fo me ly called Isfaha Mu icipali y News Age cy is based i he ci y.97

Philosophy a d Islamic schooledi

Some majo philosophe s i clude Mi Damad, k ow fo his co cep s of ime a d a u e, as well as fou di g he School of Isfaha ,98 a d Mi Fe de eski, who was k ow fo his exami a io of a a d philosophy wi hi a socie y.99

Dialec edi

Esfaha i is o e of he mai dialec s of Wes e Pe sia .100101 Jewish dis ic s have a u ique dialec .102

Cul u al si esedi

Mai places

The ci y ce e co sis s of a olde sec io evolvi g a ou d he Jameh Mosque, a d he Safavid expa sio a ou d Naqsh-e Jaha Squa e, wi h ea by places of wo ship, palaces, a d bazaa s.103

Ceme e iesedi

Bagh-e Rezva Ceme e y is o e of he bigges a d adva ced i he cou y.104 O he ceme e ies i clude New Julfa A me ia Ceme e y Takh -e Foulad.

Bazaa sedi

Bazaa of Isfaha Qeysa ie Ga e was buil i – ۱۷ h ce u y.Social hubs we e opium houses coffeehouses clus e ed a ou d Chaha bagh Chehel so u he bes -k ow adi io al coffeehouse is qahva-ḵā a-ye Goles ā ۱۰۵۱۰۶۱۰۷۱۰۸۱۰۹۱۱۰ The e is also Baza Ho a .

B idgesedi

The b idges o he Zaya de ud ive comp ise some of he fi es a chi ec u e i Isfaha . The oldes b idge is he Shah es a b idge, whose fou da io s we e buil by he Sasa ia Empi e (3 d–۷ h ce u y Sassa id e a); i was epai ed du i g he Seljuk pe iod. Fu he ups eam is he Khaju b idge, which Shah Abbas II buil i 1650. I is 123 me es (404 fee ) lo g wi h 24 a ches, a d also se ves as a sluice ga e.

A o he b idge is he Choobi (Joui) b idge, which was o igi ally a aqueduc o supply he palace ga de s o he o h ba k of he ive . Fu he ups eam agai is he Si-o-Seh Pol o b idge of 33 a ches. The buildi g was buil du i g he eig of Shah Abbas he G ea by Sheikh Baha’i a d co ec ed Isfaha wi h he A me ia subu bs of New Jolfa. A me ia subu b of New Julfa. I is by fa he lo ges b idge i Isfaha a 295 m (967.85 f ).

A o he o able b idge is he Ma a B idge.

Chu ches a d ca hed alsedi

Chu ches i he ci y a e mos ly i he New Julfa egio . Some of he his o ically impo a o es a e Bedkhem Chu ch – ۱۶۲۷, S . Geo g Chu ch – ۱۷ h ce u y, S . Ma y Chu ch – ۱۷ h ce u y, Va k Ca hed al – ۱۶۶۴٫ The oldes o e is S . Jakob Chu ch – ۱۶۰۷٫

Emamzadehsedi

Ga de s a d pa ksedi

The Pa dis Ho a Pa k cos 30 billio oma i Dis ic 6 by 2018.111 Some o he zoological ga de s a d pa ks (i cludi g public p iva e beach pa ks, o beach pa ks) a e Bi ds Ga de , Flowe Ga de of Isfaha , Nazhva Rec ea io al Complex, Mosh agh, Shah e oyaha fa amuseme pa k, a d he Eas Pa k of Isfaha . 112

Housesedi

Mausoleums a d ombsedi

Mi a e sedi

Me a Jo ba was buil i he 14 h ce u y. The omb is a Iwa measu i g 10 me e s high.113 O he me a s i clude Ali mi a e – ۱۱ h ce u y, Bagh-e-Ghoushkha e mi a e – ۱۴ h ce u y, Chehel Dokh a a mi a e – ۱۲ ce u y, Da dash mi a e s – ۱۴ h ce u y, Da ozziafe mi a e s – ۱۴ h ce u y, a d Sa ba mi a e .

Mosquesedi

Museumsedi

Schools (mad esse)edi

Palaces a d ca ava se aisedi

Squa es a d s ee sedi

Sy agoguesedi

O he si esedi

Cuisi eedi

Gosh-e fil a d Doogh is a famous ci y s ack.124125 O he adi io al b eakfas s, desse s a d meals i clude Kho esh mas , Be ya i a d mea wi h bea s a d pumpki aush.126127128129130131132Gaz Poolaki a e wo popula I a ia ca dy ypes o igi a i g i Isfaha .

Eco omyedi

I 2014, Isfaha p ovi ce i dus y, mi es a d comme ce accou ed fo 35% o 50% (almos $229 billio ) of I a ia G oss Domes ic P oduc .133134 Isfaha p ovi ce’s gove o a e i 2019 said ha ou ism is umbe o e p io i y.135 Acco di g o Esfaha p ovi ce’s Admi is a o fo Depa me of Coope a ives, Labou , a d Social Welfa e, I a has cheapes labo wo kfo ce a ywhe e i he wo ld a d his low wage a ac s fo eig i ves o s. U employme a e was 15% by 2018.136 Isfaha U ive si y of Tech ology is o e of I a ‘s mos p es igious e gi ee i g u ive si ies a d focuses o scie ce, e gi ee i g, a d ag icul u e p og ams.137 The labo fo ce shows a co i uous g ow h i he las h ee decades.138139 The e a e almos 500,000 people livi g i slums, i cludi g i he o he pa a d especially eas e sec o of he ci y.140Isfaha Fai , a 22 hec a e exhibi io ce e aimed a i c easi g ou ism, is u de co s uc io .Esfaha P ovi ce Elec ici y Dis ibu io Compa y fa buil i 1992 mai ai s powe g id expa sio i he ci y.141142 As of Sep embe 2020, ha dic af s of Isfaha P ovi ce makes a ual $500 millio .143 Mu icipali y has made a i e e payme sof wa e.144145

Aquacul u e a d ag icul u eedi

Isfaha ci y is o e of he ac ive ci ies i his field wi h he p oduc io of 1,300 o s of salmo . Mo e ha 28% of he cou y’s o ame al fish is p oduced i Isfaha p ovi ce a d 780 u i s a e ac ive i he field of o ame al fish p oduc io , which i 2017 p oduced 65 millio a d 500 housa d pieces of o ame al fish i Isfaha p ovi ce.146

Opium was p oduced a d expo ed i Isfaha f om 1850 u il i became illegal a d was a impo a sou ce of i come.147 Isfaha has a la ge umbe of aqueduc s, Fa me s had o dive wa e f om he ive o fa ms by ca al.148 Niasa m is o e of he bigges wa e ca als.149 F om 2012 o 2013 he e have bee la ge p o es s agai s Isfaha -Yazd wa e u el by fa me s, I 2019, eas e ci y fa me s dema ded wa e o he wise hey’d sabo age wa e a sfe pipes.150151 F ui s a d vege ables ce al ma ke is whe e fa me s sell hei p oduc wholesale buyi g 10,000 o s fa me s p oduc a day.152

High ech a d heavy i dus iesedi

The i dus ializa io of Isfaha da es f om he Pahlavi pe iod as i all of I a , a d was ma ked by he s o g g ow h a ha ime of he ex ile i dus y; which ea ed he ci y he ick ame “ Ma ches e of Pe sia”.۱۵۳۱۵۴ The e a e 9,200 i dus ial u i s i he ci y @ of I a ia ex ile i dus y is i Isfaha .155

Telecommu ica io Compa y of I a a d Mobile Telecommu ica io Compa y of I a p ovide 4G, 3G, b oadba d, a d VDSL.156157

Isfaha Scie ific a d Resea ch Tow s a ed i s execu ive ac ivi y i 2001 fo ac i g as a medium be wee gove me , i dus y a d academia owa d a k owledge-based eco omy.158

I is also he hi d-la ges medici e ma ufac u i g hub i I a .159

Educa io a d scie ceedi

Befo e schools he e we e mak abkha ehs i he ci y.160161162163 I 2019 he e we e 20 special schools wi h 5,000 child e i he ci y.164

The Isfaha U ive si y of Medical Scie ces was es ablished i 1947 a d has almos 9,200 s ude s i e s. The u ive si y campus is adjace o he U ive si y of Isfaha .165 The Isfaha U ive si y of A was es ablished 1977. I was empo a ily closed af e he 1979 evolu io , a d eope ed i 1984 af e I a ia Cul u al Revolu io .166 The fi s ech ical u ive si y i I a , he Isfaha U ive si y of Tech ology was es ablished i he ci y i 1974.167 Aside f om he semi a ies a d eligious schools, he o he public, p iva e majo u ive si ies of he Isfaha me opoli a a ea i clude: Mohaje Tech ical A d Voca io al College of Isfaha , Payame Noo U ive si y, Islamic Azad U ive si y of Isfaha , Islamic Azad U ive si y of Najafabad Islamic Azad U ive si y of Majlesi. I o al, he e a e mo e ha 7,329 schools i Isfaha p ovi ce.168

The e a e also mo e ha 50 ech ical a d voca io al ai i g ce es i he p ovi ce u de he admi is a io of Esfaha TVTO, which p ovide f ee, o -fo mal wo kfo ce skills ai i g p og ams.169 As of 2020, 90% of wo kfo ce skills ai ees a e wome .170

T a spo a io edi

Ride sha i gedi

S app! a d Tapsi171172 a e wo of he ca pooli g apps i he ci y.173174 The e a e 42 bicycle sha i g s a io s a d 150 kilome e s bicycle paveme s buil by he ci y.175176 As a pa of I a ‘s eligious laws, wome a e fo bidde o use he public bicycle-sha i g e wo k, as dec eed by he ep ese a ive of he Sup eme Leade i Isfaha Aya ollah Yousef Taba abai Nejad a d Ge e al A o ey Ali Esfaha i.177

Ai po sedi

Isfaha is se ved by Isfaha I e a io al Ai po , which i 2019 was he 7 h busies ai po i I a .17863

Roads a d f eewaysedi

Ove he pas decade, Isfaha ‘s i e al highway e wo k has bee u de goi g a majo expa sio . Much ca e has bee ake o p eve damage o valuable, his o ical buildi gs. Mode f eeways co ec he ci y o I a ‘s o he majo ci ies, i cludi g he capi al Teh a (400 km) o he o h a d Shi az (200 km) o he sou h. Highways also se vice sa elli e ci ies su ou di g he me opoli a a ea.179

The Isfaha Eas e Bypass F eeway is u de co s uc io .

I 2021 a ew AVL sys em was deployed i he ci y.180181182

Public a si edi

Isfaha a d Subu bs Bus Compa y u s a si buses i he ci y. The Eas -Wes BRT Bus Rapid T a si li e buses ca y up o 120,000 passe ge s o peak days.183

The mu icipali y has sig ed a memo a dum wi h Kha am-al A biya o co s uc a am e wo k i he ci y.184

The Isfaha Me o was ope ed o 15 Oc obe 2015. I cu e ly co sis s of o e o -sou h li e of a le g h of 11 km, bu wo mo e li es a e cu e ly u de co s uc io , alo gside h ee subu ba ail li es.185

The ci y of Isfaha is se ved by a ailway s a io , wi h he IRIR u i g se vices o Ba da abbas a d Mashhad. The fi s high-speed ailway i I a , he Teh a -Qom-Isfaha li e is cu e ly bei g co s uc ed a d will co ec Isfaha o Teh a a d Qom.186

No able peopleedi

Rec ea io a d ou ismedi

I 2019-2018 some 450,000 fo eig a io als visi ed he ci y.Some 110 illio ials (ove $2 billio a he official a e of 42,000 ials (2020) have bee i ves ed i he p ovi ce’s ou ism sec o .202

The ce al his o ical a ea i Isfaha is called Seeosepol.203

Isfaha is o ed fo i s p oduc io of he Isfaha ug, a ype of Pe sia ug ypically made of me i o wool a d silk.

Teahouses a e supe vised a d allowed o offe Hookah u il 2022.204 As of 2020 he e a e almos 300 eahouses wi h pe mi .205

Nazhva Pa k hos s a ep ile zoo wi h 40 aqua iums.206 Saadi wa e pa k, Nazhva kids wa e pa k.207ci a io eeded

A cie ba hs i clude Ja chi hammam The Ba hhouse of Bahāʾ al-dī al-ʿĀmilī; a public ba h called “Ga mabeh-e-shaykh” i Isfaha which fo a lo g pe iod i was u i g a d p ovidi g ho wa e o public fo yea s wi hou a y visible hea i g sys em of he day which usually eeded o s of wood was buil by Baha’ al-di al-‘Amili.208209210211Khos o Agha hammam was demolished by u k ow people i 1992. Ali Gholi Agha hammam is a o he emai i g o e. Cha di w i es ha he umbe of ba hs i Isfaha i he Safavid e a is 273.106

The e is a lo of luxu y pa y ga de s weddi g halls.212213214

Religious a ac io sedi

Chu chesedi

The e a e ma y chu ches a d sy agogues i his ci y, wi h he mai pa of he chu ches bei g i Julfa egio . Some of he ci y’s chu ches da e back o he 17 h ce u y, he mos famous a d oldes bei g he Va k Ca hed al, he S . Ma y Chu ch, Isfaha , S . Geo g Chu ch a d S . Ne ses Chu ch.

Medical ou ismedi

Isfaha Heal hca e ci y complex, buil o a 300 hec a e si e ea he Aqa Babaei Exp essway, is i e ded o boos he ci y’s medical ou ism eve ues.215

Shoppi gedi

Hype ma ke sRefah Chai S o es Co., I a Hype S a , Isfaha ci y ce e , Shah va d Chai S o es I c., Kowsa Ma ke 216 Isfaha Mall.Ci emas The e a e 9 ci emas.217 His o ically ci emas i old Isfaha we e e e ai me fo wo ke class while he eligious people co side ed ci ema o be mos ly a impu e place a d goi g o he ci ema o be ha am. Because of he 1979 evolu io , ma y ci emas i Isfaha we e bu ed dow . G ea filmmake s such as Ag ès Va da a d Pie Paolo Pasoli i sho sce es f om hei films i Isfaha . Ci ema I a ow a ui was o e of he oldes ci emas i he ci y.218219220

Spo sedi

Isfaha has h ee associa io foo ball clubs ha play p ofessio ally. These a e:

Sepaha has wo he mos league i les amo g he I a ia clubs (2002–۰۳, ۲۰۰۹–۱۰, ۲۰۱۰–۱۱, ۲۰۱۱–۱۲ a d 2014–۱۵).۲۲۱

Gi i Pasa d also has a fu sal eam, Gi i Pasa d FSC, o e of he bes eams i Asia. They wo he AFC Fu sal Club Champio ship i 2012 a d we e u e s-up i 2013. Baske ball clubs i clude Zob Aha Isfaha BC, Foolad Maha Isfaha BC.222 The e is also wome ‘s volleyball eam Gi i Pasa d Isfaha VC ha plays ma ches i I a ia Wome ‘s Volleyball League.223 The e a e Pahlava i zoo kha ehs i he ci y.224225Foolad Moba akeh Sepaha (ha dball) eam is o e of he eams i he I a ia ha dball league. Sepaha has a you h wome u e s ha became a io al champio i 2020.226

Civic admi is a io edi

The e is a sma ci y p og am, a u ified huma esou ces admi is a io sys em, a spo sys em.227228229230231

Mu icipal gove me edi

The chai ma of he ci y cou cil is Ali eza Nas isfaha i,The e is also he Leade ship cou cil wi hi ci y cou cil.232233 a d he mayo is Ghod a ollah No oozi.234 Rep ese a ive fo sup eme leade a d ep ese a ive fo Isfaha i Assembly of Expe s is Yousef Taba abai Nejad.235 The ci y’s divided i o 15 mu icipal dis ic s.I 2020, Mu icipali y employed 6,250 people wi h addi io al 3,000 people i 16 subsidia ies.236

Public wo ksedi

Colo i g heme fo he ci y has bee Tu quoise fo a pe iod of ime.237

Ci y was e is p ocessed a d ecycled i Isfaha Was e Complex.238

Esfaha wa e was ewa e O ga iza io  fa is espo sible fo pipi g ope a io , e wo k i s alla io , p eve ive mai e a ce, epai i g wa e wo ks, was ewa e equipme , supe visi g was ewa e collec io a d ea me a d disposal i he ci y.239240

Mu icipali y c ea ed a docume i 2020 ou li i g fu u e developme p og am fo he ci y.241

Huma esou ces a d public heal hedi

As of Ju e 2020, 65% of he popula io of Isfaha p ovi ce has had social secu i y i su a ce .242 Isfaha is k ow as he Mul iple scle osis capi al of he wo ld due o he p ese ce of pollu i g i dus ies.243 I 2015, wi h he cu -off of he Zaya deh ood Rive , almos 15% of people suffe ed f om dep essio .244

I e a io al ela io sedi

The Isfaha mu icipali y c ea ed a ci ize diplomacy se vice p og am o boos fo eig ela io s of he ci y h ough co ec io s wi h sis e ci ies a ou d he wo ld.245246247248

Russia Fede a io Ge e al Co sula e i Isfaha is egis e ed cul u al he i age.249 Chi ese have exp essed eadi ess o be he fi s cou y ha ope s co sula e i a diploma ic zo e i he ce al ci y250 The eside ce of Afgha a io als is allowed i Esfaha ci y.The e is a pla i he fu u e o c ea e a diploma ic dis ic ex o Imam Khame ei i e a io al co ve io ce e fo cou ies o base hei co sula es offices i .184

I is a membe of he League of His o ical Ci ies si ce 1994 a d full membe of I e -Ci y I a gible Cul u al Coope a io Ne wo k.251252

Twi ow s – sis e ci iesedi

Isfaha is wi ed wi h:253

Coope a io ag eeme sedi

Isfaha coope a es wi h:

I addi io , he New Julfa qua e of Isfaha has f ie dly ela io s wi h:256